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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Vorticella

Vorticella Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 2014) or Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 1248)

From Dr. Inaki

From Dr. Inaki

From Dr. Inaki

From Dr. Inaki

From Dr. Ouchiyama, Kuniyasu

Class Oligohymenophora: Subclass Peritricha: Order Peritrichida: Suborder Sessilina (ref. ID; 2014)
Class Oligohymenophora De Puytorac et al, 1974: Subclass Peritricha Stein, 1859: Order Peritrichida Stein, 1859: Suborder Sessilia Kahl, 1933: Family Vorticellidae Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 4798)
Family Vorticellidae Kent (ref. ID; 1248)

[ref. ID; 2014]
Inverted bell-shaped body borne upon a contractile stalk. Always solitary although many species are gregarious. The stalk is oval in cross-section and contains a sinusoidal contractile muscle-like strand or myoneme, which causes contraction to take place in a spiral not zigzag manner. Impregnation by silver reveals a pattern of equally spaced horizontal lines which encircle the body. There are no vertical divisionary lines as in Pseudovorticella. Vorticella could be confused with two solitary peritrichs which are borne on contractile stalks; Haplocaulus which contracts in a zigzag manner and Pseudovorticella as mentioned above.
Quote; Colin R. Curds, Michael A. Gates and David McL. Roberts "British and other freshwater ciliated protozoa Part II Ciliophora: Oligohymenophora and Polyhymenophora" Cambridge University Press, 1983 (ref. ID; 2014)
  1. Vorticella abbreviata Keiser, 1921 (ref. ID; 1248)
  2. Vorticella aequilata Kahl (ref. ID; 1620, 2668)
  3. Vorticella alba Fromental (ref. ID; 2668) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 5388)
  4. Vorticella alpestris Foissner (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114)
  5. Vorticella amphiurae Cueot, 1891 (ref. ID; 1620)
  6. Vorticella anabaenae J. Stiller, 1940 (ref. ID; 1248)
  7. Vorticella anastatica Linnaeus, 1967
    See; Epistylis anastatica (ref. ID; 4613)
  8. Vorticella annulata Gourret & Roeser, 1888 (ref. ID; 1620)
  9. Vorticella anomala Gourret & Roeser, 1886 (ref. ID; 1620)

    Vorticella aquadulcis-complex (ref. ID; 4610, 4613)

    Vorticella aqua-dulcis Stokes, 1887; Vorticella astyliformis Foissner, 1981; Vorticella costata Sommer, 1951; Vorticella latestriata Sommer, 1951; Vorticella octava Stokes, 1935; Vorticella octava f. costata Sommer, 1951; Vorticella platysoma Song Weibo & Wilbert, 1989; Vorticella striata var. octava Stokes, 1885

  10. Vorticella aquadulcis Foissner et al., 1992 (ref. ID; 4488) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1629)
  11. Vorticella astyliformis Foissner, 1981 (ref. ID; 922 original paper, 2128, 4861)
  12. Vorticella auriculata O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Cephalodella auriculata (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 2278, 3245, 3271, 3688)
  13. Vorticella aurita O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Itura aurita var. intermedia (ref. ID; 3271), Notommata aurita (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2276, 3688)
  14. Vorticella brevistyla D'Udekem, 1864 (ref. ID; 1620)
  15. Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 1248, 1620, 1629, 1896, 4488, 4610, 7693) or 1838 (ref. ID; 1557) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 2082, 2245, 2668, 3343, 3698, 5462) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3689)
    Syn; Vorticella aperta Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1620)
  16. Vorticella campanula var. monilata (ref. ID; 1219)
  17. Vorticella campanulata (Kahl) Sramek-Husek (ref. ID; 2668)
  18. Vorticella chlamydophora Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1219, 2668) reported year? (ref. ID; 7192)
    See; Pseudovorticella chlamydophora (ref. ID; 4610)
  19. Vorticella chlorellata Stiller, 1940 (ref. ID; 2082 redescribed paper, 4613)
  20. Vorticella chlorostigma (Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 2082 redescribed paper)
  21. Vorticella citrina O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 4610)
  22. Vorticella claparedei Andrussowa, 1886 (ref. ID; 1620)
  23. Vorticella colorata Mereschkowski, 1877 (ref. ID; 1620)
  24. Vorticella communis Fromental, 1874 (ref. ID; 1248) reported year? (ref. ID; 2668)
  25. Vorticella conica Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1620)
  26. Vorticella conochili Stokes (ref. ID; 2232)
  27. Vorticella conosoma Stokes, 1888 (ref. ID; 1335, 1620, 2232)
  28. Vorticella constricta Kahl, 1933
    See; Vorticella marina (ref. ID; 4654)

    Vorticella convallaria-complex (ref. ID; 2028, 4610)

    Vorticella citrina O.F. Muller, 1773; Vorticella convallaria Linnaeus, 1758; Vorticella nebulifera O.F. Muller, 1777; Vorticella similis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 4610)

    [ref. ID; 2082]
    Measurements; Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 70-90, mean 80); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 19-27, mean 22); silverlines ratio 0.27. (ref. ID; 2082)

  29. Vorticella convallaria Linne, 1758 (ref. ID; 1248), Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 1114, 1557, 1620, 1629, 1896, 2245, 7418), Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 7693) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 3342, 3698, 5462), (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 4813) or (L.) Noland (ref. ID; 2668) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 191, 4405)
    Syn; Hydra convallaria Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 4610, 4813)
  30. Vorticella convallaria f. citrina O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 1557, 2668)
  31. Vorticella convallaria natans Faure-Fremiet (ref. ID; 2668)
  32. Vorticella convallaria similis (Stokes) Noland (ref. ID; 2668)
  33. Vorticella convallaria var. compacta Nenninger (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114, 4610)
  34. Vorticella convallaria var. monilata
    See; Pseudovorticella monilata (ref. ID; 4610)
  35. Vorticella costata Sommer (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114)
  36. Vorticella cratera (ref. ID; 4610)
  37. Vorticella cucullus Fromental, 1876
    See; Vorticella formenteli (ref. ID; 1620), Vorticella fromenteli (ref. ID; 4610)
  38. Vorticella cupifera Kahl, 1935 (ref. ID; 1248) reported year? (ref. ID; 2668)
  39. Vorticella cyclopsis Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620)
  40. Vorticella cylindrica Dons, 1915 (ref. ID; 1620)
  41. Vorticella d'udekemi Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620, 4654)
    Syn; Vorticella patellina D'Udekem, 1862 (ref. ID; 1620, 4654)
  42. Vorticella difficilis Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620, 4654)
  43. Vorticella dimorpha Stiller (ref. ID; 2232)
  44. Vorticella dipneumon Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1248, 1620)
  45. Vorticella elongata Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1620, 2668)
  46. Vorticella extensa (ref. ID; 1620)
    See; Haplocaulus extensus (ref. ID; 1248)
  47. Vorticella felis O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Encentrum felis (ref. ID; 1345, 2019, 3688), Notommata tripus (ref. ID; 3688)
  48. Vorticella flosculosa O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Lacinularia flosculosa (ref. ID; 1345, 2737, 3688)
  49. Vorticella formenteli Kahl (ref. ID; 2668) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1620, 1629)
    Syn; Vorticella cucullus Fromentel (ref. ID; 1620)
  50. Vorticella fornicata Dons, 1915 (ref. ID; 1620)
  51. Vorticella fromenteli Kahl, 1935 (ref. ID; 4610)
    Syn; Vorticella cucullus Fromentel, 1876 (ref. ID; 4610)
  52. Vorticella furcata O.F. Muller
    See; Dicranophorus caudatus (ref. ID; 3688)
  53. Vorticella fusiformis
    See; Haplocaulus fusiformis (Nenninger, 1948) (ref. ID; 1248)
  54. Vorticella globosa Ghosh, 1925 (ref. ID; 1620)
  55. Vorticella gracilis Dujardin (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114, 4610)
  56. Vorticella granulata Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620)
  57. Vorticella hamata Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 1620, 2668)
  58. Vorticella hamata Kent, 1881 (ref. ID; 1620)
  59. Vorticella hamatella (ref. ID; 4730)
  60. Vorticella hyacinthina Gmelin, 1790
    See; Collotheca ornata (ref. ID; 3688)
  61. Vorticella hyalina Stiller, 1940 (ref. ID; 1248)
  62. Vorticella incisa Stiller, 1932 (ref. ID; 1248, 1620)
  63. Vorticella inclinans O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Rhabdostyla inclinans (ref. ID; 4610)

    Vorticella infusionum-complex (ref. ID; 2082, 4610)

    Vorticella cupifera Kahl, 1935; Vorticella infusionum Dujardin, 1841; Vorticella microstoma pro parte; Vorticella microstoma f. elongata Stiller, 1954; Vorticella microstoma f. hians Stiller, 1954; Vorticella microstoma f. monilata Stiller, 1954; Vorticella microstoma f. turgescens Stiller, 1954; Vorticella utriculus (ref. ID; 4610)

    [ref. ID; 2082]
    Measurements; Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 28-40, mean 34); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 6-13, mean 9); silverlines ratio 0.26. (ref. ID; 2082)

  64. Vorticella infusionum Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1114, 1629) reported year? (ref. ID; 3698)
  65. Vorticella infusionum Foissner et al., 1992 (ref. ID; 4488)
  66. Vorticella kahlii
    See; Haplocaulus kahlii (ref. ID; 1248)
  67. Vorticella kahlii Stiller, 1932 (ref. ID; 1248)
  68. Vorticella kenti (ref. ID; 1620)
    Syn; Vorticella spectablis Kent (ref. ID; 1620)
  69. Vorticella lacinulata O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Cephalodella auriculata (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)
  70. Vorticella larva Muller, 1786
    See; Cephalodella catellina (ref. ID; 3245, 3271, 3688)
  71. Vorticella latestriata Sommer, 1951 (ref. ID; 1248 original paper)
  72. Vorticella limnelis Stokes (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114)
  73. Vorticella longiseta O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Monommata longiseta (ref. ID; 1345, 2017, 2757, 3245, 3275, 3688)
  74. Vorticella macrophrya Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1620)
  75. Vorticella macroura Herrmann, 1783
    See; Rotaria neptunia (ref. ID; 3137, 3688)
  76. Vorticella macroura O.F. Muller, 1785
    See; Rotaria macrura (ref. ID; 3688)
  77. Vorticella margaritata Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1248, 1557, 1620, 2245, 2668) or 1876 (ref. ID; 4610)
    See; Pseudovorticella monilata (ref. ID; 4610)
    Syn; Vorticella lockwoodi Stokes, 1884 (ref. ID; 1620)
  78. Vorticella margaritata f. chlorelligera Kahl, 1925 (ref. ID; 2082)
  79. Vorticella marginata Stiller, 1931 (ref. ID; 1620, 1629, 2082, 2668, 4488, 4610) or 1940 (ref. ID; 1248)
    See; Description of V. chlorostigma (ref. ID; 2082)
  80. Vorticella marina (Greeff, 1870) (ref. ID; 3784, 4654)
    Syn; Vorticella constricta Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 4654)
  81. Vorticella mayeri Faure-Fremiet, 1920 (ref. ID; 4610, 4613) or 1924 (ref. ID; 1335, 1620, 1629, 2668) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342)
    See; Pelagovorticella mayeri (ref. ID; 4613)
  82. Vorticella microscopica Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1620)

    Vorticella microstoma-complex (ref. ID; 2082, 4610)

    Vorticella aequilata Kahl, 1935 (ref. ID; 4610); Vorticella alpestris Foissner, 1979; Vorticella microstoma Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 4610)

    [ref. ID; 2082]
    Measurements; Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 43-65, mean 51); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 10-14, mean 11); silverlines ratio 0.22. (ref. ID; 2082)

  83. Vorticella microstoma Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1219, 1335, 1557, 1620, 1629, 1896, 2245) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 3342, 3491, 5462, 7191)
    Syn; Vorticella infusionum Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1620)
  84. Vorticella microstoma Foissner et al., 1992 (ref. ID; 4488)
  85. Vorticella microstoma elongata Stiller (ref. ID; 2668), f. elongata (ref. ID; 7191, 7192)
  86. Vorticella microstoma hians Faure-Fremiet (ref. ID; 2668), f. hians (ref. ID; 7191)
  87. Vorticella microstoma monilata Stiller (ref. ID; 2668), f. monilata (ref. ID; 7191, 7192)
  88. Vorticella microstoma putrina (Muller) Kent (ref. ID; 2668)
  89. Vorticella microstoma turgescens Stiller (ref. ID; 2668), f. turgescens (ref. ID; 7191)
  90. Vorticella microstoma typica Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 2668), f. typica (ref. ID; 7191)
  91. Vorticella microstomata Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 5624)
  92. Vorticella mollis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1620)
  93. Vorticella monilata Tatem, 1870 (ref. ID; 1248, 1557, 1620, 2245, 2668) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 5462, 5624)
    See; Pseudovorticella monilata (ref. ID; 2082)
  94. Vorticella multangula Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1620)
  95. Vorticella multiformis O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Stentor multiformis (ref. ID; 4610)
  96. Vorticella muralis Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1620)
  97. Vorticella mutans Penard, 1922 (ref. ID; 1620)
  98. Vorticella nana Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 1620)
  99. Vorticella nasuta O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 4612, 4613) or 1786 (ref. ID; 3115)
    See; Didinium nasutum (ref. ID; 3115, 4612, 4613)
  100. Vorticella natans Faure-Fremiet, 1924 (ref. ID; 1620, 1629, 4488, 4610, 4613, 4793)
    See; Pelagovorticella natans (ref. ID; 4613)
    Syn; Vorticella convallaria var. natans Faure-Fremiet, 1924 (ref. ID; 4610, 4613)
  101. Vorticella nebulifera O.F. Muller, 1786 (ref. ID; 4654) reported year? (ref. ID; 5624) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 191)
  102. Vorticella nebulifera var. similis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1248) or (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219)
    Syn; Vorticella similis Stokes (ref. ID; 1219)
  103. Voticella nigra O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Stentor niger (ref. ID; 4610)
  104. Vorticella nutans O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 1620, 2668)
  105. Vorticella obconica (ref. ID; 1620)
    Syn; Vorticella conica Dons, 1915 (ref. ID; 1620)
  106. Vorticella oblonga Kirk, 1887 (ref. ID; 1620)

    Vorticella octava-complex (ref. ID; 2082, 4610)

    Vorticella delicatula; Vorticella hamata; Vorticella limnetis Stokes, 1885; Vorticella octava Stokes, 1885; Vorticella striata f. octava Stokes (ref. ID; 4610)

    [ref. ID; 2082]
    Measurements; Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 24-39, mean 30); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 9-16, mean 11); silverlines ratio 0.37 (ref. ID; 2082)

  107. Vorticella octava Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1248, 1557, 1629)
  108. Vorticella octava f. costata Sommer, 1951 (ref. ID; 1248 original paper)
  109. Vorticella operculariformis Foissner (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114, 4610)
  110. Vorticella ovum Dons, 1917 (ref. ID; 1620)
  111. Vorticella patellina D'Udekem, 1862
    See; Vorticella d'udekemi (ref. ID; 1620, 4654)
  112. Vorticella patellina O.F. Muller, 1777 (ref. ID; 1620)
  113. Vorticella perlata Kahl, 1933 (ref. ID; 4654)
  114. Vorticella picta (Ehrenberg, 1831) (ref. ID; 1248, 1335, 1557, 1620, 1629, 2082, 2245) or (Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 4610) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618)
    Syn; Carchesium pictum Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 4610)
  115. Vorticella picta f. longa Nusch, 1970 (ref. ID; 1557, 2668)
  116. Vorticella picta typica Ehrenberg (ref. ID; 2668)
  117. Vorticella platysoma Stokes (ref. ID; 3698) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 1114)
  118. Vorticella plicata Gourret & Roeser, 1888 (ref. ID; 1620)
  119. Vorticella polymorpha O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Stentor polymorphus (ref. ID; 4610)
  120. Vorticella pulchella Sommer, 1951 (ref. ID; 1248 original paper)
  121. Vorticella punctata Abildgaard, 1793
    See; Coleps hirtus Nitzsch, 1817 (ref. ID; 3540)
  122. Vorticella punctata Dons, 1917 (ref. ID; 1620)
  123. Vorticella pusilla Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1248) reported year? (ref. ID; 3491, 5624)
  124. Vorticella putrina O.F. Muller, 1776 (ref. ID; 1620)
  125. Vorticella pyrum Mereschkowsky, 1879 (ref. ID; 1620)
  126. Vorticella quadrangularis Kent, 1881 (ref. ID; 1620)
  127. Vorticella rhabdophora Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1620)
  128. Vorticella rhabdostyloides Kellicott, 1885
    See; Haplocaulus rhabdostyloides (ref. ID; 2082)
  129. Vorticella rotatoria O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Rotaria rotatoria (ref. ID; 3271, 3688)
  130. Vorticella rubristigma Kellicott, 1888 (ref. ID; 1620)
  131. Vorticella senta O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Epiphanes senta (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3688)
  132. Vorticella similis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 922) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342) Stokes, 1887- Noland, 1931 (ref. ID; 1219)
    See; Vorticella nebulifera var. similis (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219)
    Syn; Vorticella nebulifera Ehrenberg
  133. Vorticella sinuata Zacharias, 1903 (ref. ID; 1620, 2082)
  134. Vorticella smaragdina Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 2082)
  135. Vorticella socialis O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Sinantherina socialis (ref. ID; 3688)
  136. Vorticella solitaria Stiller, 1932 (ref. ID; 1620)
  137. Vorticella striata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1620, 4654) reported year? (ref. ID; 3343) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 191)
  138. Vorticella striata f. octova Stokes (ref. ID; 5462), var. octava Stokes (ref. ID; 2668) or (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219, 2245)
    Syn; Vorticella octava Stokes (ref. ID; 1219, 2245)
  139. Vorticella striatula Dons, 1915 (ref. ID; 1620)
  140. Vorticella subcylindrica Ghosh, 1925 (ref. ID; 1620)
  141. Vorticella suboctava Sommer, 1951 (ref. ID; 1248 original paper)
  142. Vorticella submicrostoma Ghosh, 1925 (ref. ID; 1248)
  143. Vorticella subsphaerica Dons (ref. ID; 1620)
    Syn; Vorticella sphaerica Dons, 1915 (ref. ID; 1620)
  144. Vorticella succolata O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Proales reinhardti (ref. ID; 3688)
  145. Vorticella telescopica Kent (ref. ID; 2668)
  146. Vorticella telescopiformis (ref. ID; 1620)
    Syn; Vorticella telescopica var. marina Gourret & Roeser, 1886 (ref. ID; 1620)
  147. Vorticella telescopoides (Kahl) Sramek-Husek (ref. ID; 2668)
  148. Vorticella tetrapetala Cuvier, 1817
    See; Floscularia ringens (ref. ID; 3688)
  149. Vorticella tremula O.F. Muller, 1706 or 1786
    See; Synchaeta tremula (ref. ID; 1345, 2276, 3271, 3275, 3688)
  150. Vorticella urceolaris Linnaeus, 1767
    See; Brachionus urceolaris O.F. Muller, 1773 (ref. ID; 3271)
  151. Vorticella utriculus Stokes, 1885 (ref. ID; 1620)
  152. Vorticella vermicularis O.F. Muller, 1773
    See; Dicranophorus forciipatus (ref. ID; 3688)
  153. Vorticella vernalis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1620, 2668, 4613)
  154. Vorticella versatilis O.F. Muller, 1786
    See; Ophrydium versatile (ref. ID; 4610, 4613)
  155. Vorticella vestita Stokes, 1883 (ref. ID; 1248, 1557, 1620, 2245, 2668)
  156. Vorticella voeltzkowi Sondheim, 1929 (ref. ID; 1620)
  157. Vorticella zealandica Kirk, 1887 (ref. ID; 1620)

Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 1248, 1620, 1629, 1896, 4488, 4610, 7693) or 1838 (ref. ID; 1557) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 2082, 2245, 2668, 3343, 3698, 5462) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 3689)

Synonym

Vorticella aperta Fromentel, 1874 (ref. ID; 1620)

Descriptions

Body shape is bell-shaped, very changeable in outline, sometimes bending back. The central part of cell is filled with refractile reserve granules, therefore the animals are very conspicuous by their darkish body and they are easy to recognize; the peristome extends considerably outwards; vestibulum is very large and equipped with an outer undulating membrane; pellicle faintly annulated; the stalk may be somewhat invaginated into the basal portion of the body. Macronucleus is extending more or less along the longitudinal axis of the cell, very long and worm-like. Micronucleus is one. Contractile vacuole is one near the buccal cavity. (ref. ID; 1219)
Usually in groups; endoplasm filled with refractile reserve granules; vestibule very large with an outer pharyngeal membrane; fresh water. (ref. ID; 1618)

Measurements

Body size: 50-160 um long, 35-100 um wide; Stalk size: about 230-350 um long, 6-12 um wide. (ref. ID; 1219)
50-157 by 35-99 um; peristome 60-125 um wide; stalk 50-415 by 5.6-12 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 69-77, mean 72); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 27-33, mean 29); silverlines ratio 0.40. (ref. ID; 2082)
Length of cell 70-85 um. (ref. ID; 3343)

Vorticella campanula var. monilata (ref. ID; 1219)

Descriptions

Numerous small pellicular tubercles. (ref. ID; 1219)

Vorticella chlorellata Stiller, 1940 (ref. ID; 2082 redescribed paper, 4613)

Diagnosis

On average 55x40 um, campanulate, green by symbiotic algae. Macronucleus J-shaped in main body axis. One contractile vacuole at ventral wall of vestibulum. On average 39 silverlines (pellicular striae) between anterior end and aboral ciliary wreath and 21 silverlines between aboral cilia wreath and scopula. Epiplanktonic. (ref. ID; 2082)

Descriptions

Size in vivo 53x40 um on average. Urceolate to pyriform-campanulate. Stalk up to 3 times as long as body, with inconspicuous granules, contracts distinctly helicoidally. Contracted specimens pyriform to ellipsoid; myoneme system very similar to that in other convallaria-type vorticellids, details, however, could be not recognized because it stained too faintly. Macronucleus in longitudinal axis of cell, J-shaped; micronucleus not observed. One contractile vacuole at mid-ventral portion of vestibulum. Cells packed with symbiotic green algae and thus conspicuously green-coloured. Symbiotic algae globular, 5-6 um across, with bowl-shaped chloroplast containing distinct pyrenoid, thus very likely belonging to genus Chlorella. Pellicle and silverline system as in other members of genus, transverse striation distinct in living specimens, pellicular pores present but not countable because preparations were too mediocre. Structure of inactive and active aboral ciliary wreath also as in other vorticellids. Scopula margin formed by rather widely spaced granules surrounding argyrophilic centre. Oral apparatus of usually structure, peristomial collar distinctly projecting, in fully extended specimens spread brim-like. Peristomial disc slightly convex. Vestibulum large, obliquely extending to body centre. Oral infraciliature quite similar to other members of genus, details, however, difficult to recognize due to heavily stained symbiotic algae. Haplokinety (undulating membrane) and polykinety (adoral ciliature) describe 1.5 turns (about 540 degrees) at peristomial disc before plunging down into vestibulum and accomplishing a further turn. Epistomial membrane, at least its basal bodies, recognizable in both sessile specimens and swarmers, located at vestibular opening, i.e. far from distal and of adoral ciliary spiral. (ref. ID; 2082)
  • Swarmer: Swarmer observed only in stained preparations, disc-shaped with scopula in centre of aboral pole. Infraciliature as in sessile specimens, except for aboral ciliary wreath whose anlage develop to small kineties bearing long cilia. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Comments

    This population matched the original of V. chlorellata quite nicely in habitat (on planktonic colonies of Gloeotricha), symbiotic algae, shape and size (55-60 um). The only significant deference concerns the location of the contractile vacuole, which Stiller (1940) illustrated at the dorsal vestibular wall and described as follows: "The contractile vacuole is located at the level of the peristomial disc, rarely slightly underneath". However, Stiller (1940) mentioned that interior details were difficult to recognize due to the symbiotic algae; Foissner et al. (1996) can confirm this. Furthermore, Stiller illustrated the vestibulum plunging down vertically into the cell, which is unlikely for such a type of Vorticella usually having the vestibulum obliquely directed to the dorsal side. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that Stiller (1940) also misinterpreted the location of the contractile vacuole. Vorticella chlorellata is distinctly different from V. chlorostigma (Ehrenberg, 1831), in size, macronucleus, and silverline number. Thus, Foissner et al. (1996) refuse synonymization as suggested by Warren (1986). Pratt and Rosen (1983) found a green Vorticella attached to planktonic Anabaena, Microcystis, and Tabellaria. They identified it as Pseudovorticella margaritata f. chlorelligera (now P. fasciculata). Unfortunately, they did not provide any morphological details, and thus their determination cannot be confirmed or rejected. However, that habitats suggest that it was V. chlorellata. Vorticella chlorellata is easily confused with Vorticella fasciculata Muller, 1773, which is very similar in size, shape, location of contractile vacuole, and colour, i.e. bears symbiotic green algae, too. However, V. fasciculata has a reticulate silverline system and thus belongs to Pseudovorticella. As concerns the number of silverlines, V. chlorellata is very close to V. picta which, however, lacks symbiotic algae and has two contractile vacuoles and very distinct stalk granules. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Neotype specimens

    No type material of V. chlorellata has been mentioned in the literature. Thus, Foissner et al. (1996) have deposited two neotype slides with specimens from Salzburg, prepared as described, in the collection of microscope slides of the Oberosterreichische Landesmuseum in Linz (LI), Austria. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Measurements

    Body length (in vivo) 53.0 (44-64); body width (in vivo) 40.0 (34-48) um. Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 35-40, mean 39); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 19-24, mean 21); silverlines ratio 0.54. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Vorticella chlorostigma (Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 2082 redescribed paper)

    Diagnosis

    On average about 100x70 um, conspicuously companulate due to large, protruding peristomial collar, green by symbiotic algae. Macronucleus horseshoe-shaped near body centre. One contractile vacuole at dorsal wall of vestibulum. On average 107 silverlines (pellicular striae) between anterior end and aboral ciliary wreath and 50 silverlines between aboral ciliary wreath and scopula. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Descriptions

    The observations on this species are not as detailed as they should be because they were made 20 years ago when the senior author was still a beginner. However, the main characteristics were well documented and are thus described, so much the more as they prove the species status of V. chlorellata Stiller. Length in vivo about 85-110 um. Distinctly campanulate due to widely protruding peristomial collar; body proper, however, calciform to almost cylindrical. Stalk up to 500 um long, with distinct granules, contracts helicoidally. Contracted specimens pyriform, usually with bulged anterior region due to withdrawn peristomial collar. Macronucleus in transverse axis of cell, almost circular ("horseshoe-shaped"; controlled in hematoxilin stained sliver nitrate slides). One contractile vacuole at dorsal wall near proximal end of vestibulum. Cells packed with symbiotic algae about 5 um in diameter with bowl-shaped chloroplast containing distinct pyrenoid, thus very likely belonging to genus Chlorella. Pellicle and silverline system as in other members of genus, transverse striation, however, extremely narrow and thus hardly recognizable in live specimens; 20-41 (average 30, n=6) distinct pellicular pores per 10 um2. Structure of inactive and active aboral ciliary wreath also as in other vorticellids. Scopula margin formed by rather widely spaced granules surrounding argyrophilic centre. Oral apparatus of usually structure, peristomial collar, however, very flexible and distinctly projecting, in fully extended specimens brim-like and frequently slightly curved backwards. Peristomial disc flat, slightly convex or slightly concave. Vestibulum large, obliquely extending to body centre. Oral infraciliature not studied. (ref. ID; 2082)
  • Swarmer: Swarmer slightly conical an asymmetrical, with broadly rounded aboral end and scopula in centre of aboral pole. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Comments

    Foissner et al. (1996) population matched the original description, which is, understandably, rather incomplete (V. corpore ovato-conico, campanulato, annulato, ovario viridi, frontis margine exserto), in most main characters, viz. size (about 70-100 um according to Ehrenberg 1831, 1838), shape, symbiotic algae, and habitat (attached to a variety of solid substrates like roots of water plants and blades grass). One of the specimens illustrated by Ehrenberg (1838) shows a bright blister at the margin of the cell, indicating that the contractile vacuole is at the ventral wall of the vestibulum, which would be different to our specimens. Alternatively, this blister can be interpreted as the vestibular opening, which appears, if specimens are observed in an oblique angle, as a roundish, bright spot. In the absence of any other controversial data, it seems reasonable to identify our population as V. chlorostigma (Ehrenberg, 1831). Graham and Graham (1980) provided some beautiful micrographs from a zoochlorellae-bearing Vorticella attached small pieces of debris in Lake Wingra, USA. The specimens shown look very similar to those we investigated and have the same size, viz. 75-108x58-85 um (average 93x68, n=10). Thus, these populations are very likely conspecific. Unfortunately, Graham and Graham (1980) did not provide any details as to the nucleus, contractile vacuole, and number of pellicular striae. At first glance, V. chlorostigma highly resembles V. chlorellata Stiller, 1940. However, size, nucleus, and especially the number of silverlines are totally different. Thus, both are distinct species. Certainly, V. chlorostigma is also easily confused with green V. fasciculata Muller, 1773 which, however, has a reticulate silverline system and thus belongs to the genus Pseudovorticella. Vorticella sinuata Zacharias, 1903 also resembles V. chlorostigma in size (125x60 um), habitat (Utricularia pond), symbiotic green algae, and macronucleus shape. However, V. sinuata has a different, highly characteristic shape and is thus very likely another distinct, green species. Vorticella chlorostigma is unusual not only by the symbiotic green algae but also by the horseshoe-shaped macronucleus. Usually, Vorticellas of these size and shape have a long, J-shaped nucleus. However, V. marginata Stiller, 1931, which highly resembles V. chlorostigma in size, shape and extremely fine pellicular striation, has the same type of macronucleus. Obviously, these species form a particular group within the genus, as also indicated by the high number of silverlines, which distinguishes V. chlorostigma from all other species investigated so far. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Neotype specimens

    No type material of V. chlorostigma has been mentioned in the literature. Thus Foissner et al. (1996) have deposited four neotype slides with silver nitrate prepared (dry method) specimens in the collection of microscope slides of the Oberosterreichische Landesmuseum in Linz (LI), Austria. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Measurements

    Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 101-118, mean 107); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 41-55, mean 50); silverlines ratio 0.47. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Vorticella conochili Stokes (ref. ID; 2232)

    Descriptions

    This species is commensals of Conochilus unicornis. The shape is campanulate, not much elongated, the pellicule is fine but densely striated, crescent-shaped macronucleus situated transversally, contractile vacuole under vestibulum. The peduncle has a characteristic structure; it is marked by the absence of myoid filaments in the lower part of the stalk. Contractability is thus restricted to the upper part, which is 40-42 um long. (ref. ID; 2232)

    Vorticella conosoma Stokes, 1888 (ref. ID; 1335, 1620, 2232)

    Descriptions

    This species is commensals of Conochilus unicornis. (ref. ID; 2232)

    Vorticella convallaria Linne, 1758 (ref. ID; 1248), Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 1114, 1557, 1620, 1629, 1896, 2245, 7418), Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 7693) reported year? (ref. ID; 1219, 1618, 3342, 3698, 5462), (Linnaeus, 1758) Linnaeus, 1767 (ref. ID; 4813) or (L.) Noland (ref. ID; 2668) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 191, 4405)

    Synonym

    Hydra convallaria Linnaeus, 1758 (ref. ID; 4610, 4813)

    Descriptions

    Body is bell-shaped. There are no, or only a few, darkish looking refractile granules, the animal therefore never looks dark but is very often yellow-tinted; the peristomal area of V. convallaria is narrower than in V. campanula; the annulation of the pellicle is easily visible; macronucleus and contractile vacuole as in V. campanula; food vacuole with oval contour. (ref. ID; 1219)
    Fine structure of the scopula-stalk region. (ref. ID; 7418)

    Measurements

    Body length 30-120 um, width 35-70 um, peristome width 55-75 um, stalk length 100-500 um, width 4-6.5 um. But, body shape and size, including the ratio of length to peristomal width, may vary greatly in V. convallaria. (ref. ID; 1219)
    50-95 by 35-53 um; peristome 55-75 um wide; stalk 25-460 by 4-6.5 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
    40-57x20-30 um. (ref. ID; 3342)

    Vorticella dimorpha Stiller (ref. ID; 2232)

    Descriptions

    This species is commensals of Conochilus unicornis. (ref. ID; 2232)

    Vorticella marginata Stiller, 1931 (ref. ID; 1620, 1629, 2082, 2668, 4488, 4610) or 1940 (ref. ID; 1248)

    Descriptions

    Description of V. chlorostigma (ref. ID; 2082)

    Vorticella mayeri Faure-Fremiet, 1920 (ref. ID; 4610, 4613) or 1924 (ref. ID; 1335, 1620, 1629, 2668) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342)

    See

    Pelagovorticella mayeri (ref. ID; 4613)

    Measurements

    51 um. (ref. ID; 3342)

    Vorticella microstoma Ehrenberg, 1830 (ref. ID; 1219, 1335, 1557, 1620, 1629, 1896, 2245) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 3342, 3491, 5462, 7191)

    Synonym

    Vorticella infusionum Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1620)

    Descriptions

    Body vase-like, length 35-120 um; long contractile stalk about 20-400 um; pellicle annulated; cytoplasm slightly yellowish; peristome with buccal ciliation that winds counterclockwise to the buccal cavity; anterior region rather narrow by comparison with other species of the genus; 1 long band-form macronucleus extending more less along the longitudinal axis of the cell; a single micronucleus; a contractile vacuole is located near the buccal cavity. Mature sessile individuals without body ciliation; the sessile individual may develop to the free-swimming defined ecological condition. e.g., lack of oxygen and high carbon dioxide tension. Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission; one daughter cell usually remains on the stalk, while the other is provided with a posterior ciliary girdle ("free-swimming larvae"). Conjugation by sessile macroconjugants and free-swimming microconjugants with posterior ciliary girdle; the microconjugant is formed by unequal division. (ref. ID; 1219)

    Measurements

    V. microstoma may vary greatly in size, shape, and stalk-length. (ref. ID; 1219)
    35-83 by 22-50 um; peristome 12-25 um wide; stalk 20-385 by 1.5-4 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
    40-60x20-30 um; diameter of peristome 16-20 um. (ref. ID; 3342)

    Vorticella monilata Tatem, 1870 (ref. ID; 1248, 1557, 1620, 2245, 2668) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618, 5462, 5624)

    See

    Pseudovorticella monilata (ref. ID; 2082)

    Descriptions

    Body with pellicular tubercles composed of paraglycogen; two contractile vacuoles; fresh water. (ref. ID; 1618)

    Measurements

    50-78 by 35-57 um; peristome 36-63 um wide; stalk 50-200 by 5-6.5 um. (ref. ID; 1618)

    Vorticella nebulifera var. similis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 1248) or (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219)

    Synonym

    Vorticella similis Stokes (ref. ID; 1219)

    Descriptions

    Body shape: similar to some varieties of V. convallaria. Body very translucent, pure misty white or slightly grayish in colour, food vacuoles oblong or spindle-shaped. Macronucleus: long and band-like, as in V. convallaria. (ref. ID; 1219)

    Measurements

    Body size: 40-90 um long, 20-50 um wide; peristome width 30-70 um. Stalk size: about 50-800 um long. (ref. ID; 1219)

    Vorticella picta (Ehrenberg, 1831) (ref. ID; 1248, 1335, 1557, 1620, 1629, 2082, 2245) or (Ehrenberg, 1831) Ehrenberg, 1838 (ref. ID; 4610) reported year? (ref. ID; 1618)

    Synonym

    Carchesium pictum Ehrenberg, 1831 (ref. ID; 4610)

    Descriptions

    Two contractile vacuoles; with refractile granules in stalk; fresh water. (ref. ID; 1618)

    Measurements

    41-63 by 20-37 um; peristome 35-50 um; stalk 205-500 by 4-7 um. (ref. ID; 1618)
    Silverlines from anterior end to aboral ciliary wreath (extremes 35-46, mean 40); silverlines from aboral ciliary wreath to scopula (extremes 22-27, mean 25); silverlines ratio 0.62. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Vorticella similis Stokes, 1887 (ref. ID; 922) reported year? (ref. ID; 3342) Stokes, 1887- Noland, 1931 (ref. ID; 1219)

    See

    Vorticella nebulifera var. similis (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219)

    Synonym

    Vorticella nebulifera Ehrenberg

    Measurements

    54-79x27-60 um, diameter of peristome 41 um (by the smaller size). (ref. ID; 3342)

    Vorticella sinuata Zacharias, 1903 (ref. ID; 1620, 2082)

    Descriptions

    See the description of V. chlorostigma. (ref. ID; 2082)

    Vorticella striata Dujardin, 1841 (ref. ID; 1620, 4654) reported year? (ref. ID; 3343) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 191)

    Measurements

    Length of cell 30-35 um. (ref. ID; 3343)

    Vorticella striata f. octova Stokes (ref. ID; 5462), var. octava Stokes (ref. ID; 2668) or (Stokes) Noland & Finley (ref. ID; 1219, 2245)

    Synonym

    Vorticella octava Stokes (ref. ID; 1219, 2245)

    Descriptions

    Body shape: vase-like, undergoes some variation in size and outline; body resembles that of V. microstoma, but V. octava is smaller, the pellicular annulations are very distinct, about 25-40 striae: peristome border is thicker than in V. microstoma but shows much variation. Cytoplasm translucent or slightly misty white. Surface of body slightly ribbed. Macronucleus: thick, sausage-like; lies transverse to the longitudinal axis. Contractile vacuole: one near the buccal cavity. (ref. ID; 1219)

    Measurements

    Body size: 20-60 um long, 15-40 um wide; peristome width 13-40 um. Stalk size: 20-300 um long. (ref. ID; 1219)