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The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta

Codonellopsis

Codonellopsis Jorgensen, 1924 (ref. ID; 3607)

Order Heterotrichida Stein, 1867: Suborder Tintinnoinea Kofoid & Campbell, 1929: Family Codonellopsidae Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3607)

[ref. ID; 3596]
Lorica consisting of a collar and a bowl, both easily distinguished in structure; collar hyaline, annulated with spiral turns, usually elongate and cylindrical with a somewhat shouldered oral rim, sometimes having elliptical pores between annular lines; bowl globose or ellipsoidal, with or without aboral horn; cavity of the horn separated from that of the bowl by a basal wall; wall of the collar composed of a ground secreted substance, that of the bowl having agglomerated materials on the surface. In this genus many neritic species are included; most of them occur in warm waters. The neritic species have a roughened surface with coarse agglomerated particles, while the oceanic ones bear a smooth reticulated surface on account of the lack of terrestrial particles. (ref. ID; 3596)
  1. Codonellopsis americana Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597, 4046)
  2. Codonellopsis balechi (Balech, 1958) Hada, 1970 (ref. ID; 3544)
    Syn; Codonellopsis frigida Balech, 1958 (ref. ID; 3544)
  3. Codonellopsis borealis Hada, 1937 (ref. ID; 3596 original paper)
  4. Codonellopsis brevicaudata (Brandt) (ref. ID; 3597)
  5. Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)
  6. Codonellopsis curta Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)
  7. Codonellopsis frigida Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3544, 3596, 3607 original paper)
  8. Codonellopsis fusiformis Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)
  9. Codonellopsis gaussi (Laackmann, 1909) (ref. ID; 3544)
    Syn; Codonellopsis gaussi Balech, 1947 (ref. ID; 3544); Leprotintinnus gaussi Laackmann, 1909 (ref. ID; 3544)
  10. Codonellopsis glacilis (Laackmann, 1909) (ref. ID; 3544)
    Syn; Codonellopsis gaussi Balech, 1958 (ref. ID; 3544); Leprotintinnus glacilis Laackmann, 1909 (ref. ID; 3544)
  11. Codonellopsis indica Kofoid & Compbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 4600)
  12. Codonellopsis limosa Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3606 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3495)
  13. Codonellopsis morchella (Claparade) (ref. ID; 1940), (Cleve) (ref. ID; 3495, 3596) or (Cleve) Jorgensen (ref. ID; 3597)
  14. Codonellopsis nipponica Hada, 1964 (ref. ID; 3495 original paper)
  15. Codonellopsis orientalis Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3606 original paper)
  16. Codonellopsis orthoceros (Hck.) (ref. ID; 1940)
  17. Codonellopsis ostenfeldi (Schmidt, 1901) (ref. ID; 4600) or (Schmidt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)
  18. Codonellopsis ovata Jorgensen, 1924 (ref. ID; 1868)
  19. Codonellopsis parva Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)
  20. Codonellopsis pusilla (Cleve, 1900) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)
    Syn; Codonella pusilla Cleve, 1900 (ref. ID; 3606)
  21. Codonellopsis purva Brandt (ref. ID; 3597)
  22. Codonellopsis robusta Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)
  23. Codonellopsis schabi (Brandt) (ref. ID; 3597) reported author and year? (ref. ID; 4464)
  24. Codonellopsis soyai Hada, 1970 (ref. ID; 3544 original paper)
  25. Codonellopsis speciosa (ref. ID; 3597)
  26. Codonellopsis stativa Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)

Codonellopsis americana Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597, 4046)

Descriptions

Lorica elongated, 3.2-3.4 oral diameters in length; oral rim abruptly flaring, everted; collar slightly shorter than the bowl, 0.41-0.45 of the total length in length, very slightly dilated in its middle, with 11-15 spiral turns and a few transversely oval fenestrae on some median ones; bowl ellipsoidal, 1.45-1.56 oral diameters in greatest diameter; aboral region rounded; wall generally agglomerated with comparatively small particles. (ref. ID; 3597)
The bowl of the lorica, oval in shape, is rounded aborally. The hyaline collar has a slight spiral structure. Some fenestrae are present, and the rim is slightly flaring. The bowl agglomerates with CaCO3 particles up to 20 um in size. Acid (HCl) treatment removes the particles to reveal the underlying matrix of the bowl. (ref. ID; 4046)

Comments

The species differs from C. morchella Cleve in the ellipsoidal bowl instead of the ovate. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 106 (102-110); oral diameter 32 (32-34); length of the collar 44 (42-48); greatest diameter of the bowl 48 (45-50) um. (ref. ID; 3597)
Neck length 16-28, neck width 29.4+/-1.2; bowl length 41-54, bowl width 47.5+/-2.6 um (n=33). (ref. ID; 4046)

Codonellopsis balechi (Balech, 1958) Hada, 1970 (ref. ID; 3544)

Synonym

Codonellopsis frigida Balech, 1958 (ref. ID; 3544)

Comments

According to the specific name, Codonellopsis frigida, Hada has decided it as the new specific name of Codonellopsis for the new form of the arctic waters since 1932, therefore, Balech's same name of 1958 for the new species of the same genus of the antarctic sea, has been invalid. Then, Hada gives the new name, Codonellopsis balechi, to the latter antarctic species. (ref. ID; 3544)

Codonellopsis borealis Hada, 1937 (ref. ID; 3596 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica consisting of a cylindrical collar and an ovate bowl with a short aboral horn, 3 oral diameters in length; collar with a low funnel-shaped oral rim, more or less dilated in the post-median part, in length 0.36 of the total length, 7-8 spiral turns visible on it; bowl provided with a short aboral horn of 0.80-0.11 of the total length, 1.3-1.4 oral diameters in greatest transdiameter; aboral end blunt or acute; wall of the bowl rather coarsely agglomerated with minute quartz grains and pieces of diatoms and coccolithes. (ref. ID; 3596)

Comments

One of the two specimens has an oblong bowl with a somewhat neat surface and a short conical aboral horn, but the other an urn-shaped bowl with a coarse surface and a stout roundly ended aboral horn. The species differs from C. turgida Kofoid & Campbell, C. minor (Brandt), C. pura (Brandt), and C. parva Kofoid & Campbell in its smaller size and the lack of a short upper cylindrical region of the bowl. Besides, this species occurs in neritic and cold waters in which the water temperature was below zero. (ref. ID; 3596)

Measurements

Length 75-82; oral diameter 25-27; length of the collar 28-30; length of the bowl 52-57; length of the aboral horn 6-10; greatest transdiameter of the bowl 33-38 um. (ref. ID; 3596)

Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)

Descriptions

Lorica ovate, 2.1 oral diameters in length; collar 0.31-0.35 of the total length in length, usually with 6 spiral turns, concave conical (30-40 degrees), provided with a few, transversely elliptical fenestrae in its basal part; bowl globose, 1.7 of the oral diameter in thickness, with primary and secondary structure and few agglomerated particles. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

Differs from Codonellopsis frigida Hada in having fenestrae and in the smoothly sloping shoulder and from C. pusilla (Cleve) in the presence of fenestration at the lower part of the collar, in the comparatively small number of spiral turns, and in its hemispherical aboral end. (ref. ID; 3606)

Measurements

Length 43 (40-45); oral diameter 22 (20-23); transdiameter 36 (35-37) um. (ref. ID; 3606)

Codonellopsis curta Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica stout, flask-shaped, consisting of a short collar and a spherical bowl, 2.0-2.2 oral diameters in length; oral margin slightly flaring; collar stout, subcylindrical, 0.31-0.41 of the total length in height, spiral turns 5-9 in number with a few elliptical fenestrae on median ones; bowl globose, its breadth 1.40-1.46 oral diameters; aboral end hemispherical; wall of the bowl agglomerated with coarse particles on the shoulder border and fine ones in the posterior region. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from C. morchella (Cleve) in marked outline and the roundly ended bowl and from C. frigida Hada in the thick and coarse wall of the bowl. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 63 (60-66); oral diameter 30 (29-30); length of the collar 23 (19-27); greatest diameter of the bowl 43 (42-44) um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis frigida Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3544, 3596, 3607 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica flask-shaped, 2.0-3.1 oral diameters in length; collar subcylindrical with a more or less flaring oral margin, composed of 4-6 coiled bands on which fenestrae are sometimes present, narrowest in the suboral part, its length 0.33-0.46 of the total length; bowl spherical to ellipsoid, 1.4-1.5 oral diameters in greatest transdiameter; aboral end generally rounded and rarely conical; wall of the collar and the bowl comparatively thin, on the latter agglomerated materials scarce. (ref. ID; 3596)
Lorica stout top-shaped, 2.16 oral diameters in length, consisting of a subspherical bowl and a tubular collar separated from the former by the distinct conjunction; collar subcylindrical, usually with 5 spiral turns, 0.36 of the total length in length, constricted slightly below its oral flare; bowl globose, widest near the upper one-third of its length, 1.46-1.58 oral diameters in greatest transdiameter, provided with the comparatively smooth surface; aboral end hemispherical; wall of the bowl rather uniform in thickness, generally without agglomerated particles. (ref. ID; 3607)

Comments

A marked variation occurs in size and form of the lorica. Rotund specimens are generally composed of a short collar and a round bowl as is figured by the present author (1932), but elongate ones consist of a tall collar and an oblong bowl. The fenestration on the collar is generally visible in specimens found outside Akkeshi Bay. The aboral region of the bowl is usually round, but occasionally inclines to point to the distal end. The species differs from C. morchella (Cleve) in dimensions and the finer structure of the wall. (ref. ID; 3596)
Differs from Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid & Campbell in the subcylindrical collar without posterior flaring region and in lack of fenestration on the basal part of the collar. (ref. ID; 3607)

Measurements

Length 60 (52-78); oral diameter 25 (23-28); length of the collar 25 (20-32); greatest transdiameter of the bowl 35 (34-40) um. (ref. ID; 3596)
Length 56; oral diameter 26; greatest transdiameter of the bowl 38-41 um. (ref. ID; 3607)

Codonellopsis fusiformis Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica fusiform, 3.1-3.5 oral diameters in length; collar subcylindrical with a moderate oral flare and a slight submedian bulge, 0.35-0.40 of the total length, spiraled with 7-9 turns on which a few ovate fenestrae appear near the middle of the collar; bowl stout fusiform, broadest a little above its middle, 1.27-1.34 oral diameters in greatest diameter; aboral region conical (65-85 degrees) to a subacute aboral end; wall usually neatly agglomerated with elongate polygonal flakes. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from the allied species of D. morchella (Cleve) in the tapering aboral region with a pointed end. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 107 (93-115); oral diameter 33 (32-34); length of the collar 39 (35-43); greatest diameter of the bowl 68 (63-73) um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis gaussi (Laackmann, 1909) (ref. ID; 3544)

Synonym

Codonellopsis gaussi Balech, 1947 (ref. ID; 3544); Leprotintinnus gaussi Laackmann, 1909 (ref. ID; 3544)

Descriptions

The elongate lorica is different from one of C. glacilis (Laackmann) in having a bowl inflated remarkable in a posterior region with a tall conical aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3544)

Measurements

Length 145-150; breadth 50; length of a collar 68-75; oral diameter 35 um. (ref. ID; 3544)

Codonellopsis glacilis (Laackmann, 1909) (ref. ID; 3544)

Synonym

Codonellopsis gaussi Balech, 1958 (ref. ID; 3544); Leprotintinnus glacilis Laackmann, 1909 (ref. ID; 3544)

Descriptions

The lorica is cylindrical and consists of a tubular collar composed of 6-13 spiral turns without any fenestella and of a goblet-shaped bowl inflated slightly in an aboral region and tapering rapidly to a distal point. The oral flare of the hyaline collar is usually not remarkable, Foreign particles attached to the surface of the bowl are rather coarse. (ref. ID; 3544)

Measurements

Length 58-110; breadth 30-35; length of a collar 15-56; oral diameter 30-35 um. (ref. ID; 3544)

Codonellopsis limosa Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3606 original paper) reported year? (ref. ID; 3495)

Descriptions

Lorica ovoidal, 2.4 oral diameters in length; collar short with a little oral eversion, 0.13 of the total length in length, convex conical (30 degrees), figured with a few spiral turns, bowl ovate, widest near the middle of the lorica, 1.8 oral diameters in transdiameter; aboral region hemispherical; wall agglomerated neatly with small particles. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

Differs from all other allied species of Codonellopsis morchella (Cleve) in the short collar and in fewer spiral turns. (ref. ID; 3606)

Measurements

Length 82; oral diameter 33; greatest transdiameter 63 um. (ref. ID; 3606)

Codonellopsis morchella (Claparade) (ref. ID; 1940), (Cleve) (ref. ID; 3495, 3596) or (Cleve) Jorgensen (ref. ID; 3597)

Descriptions

Lorica 2.2-3.2 oral diameters in length; collar with a somewhat flaring rim, slightly bulging near its middle, usually lower than the bowl, its height 0.22-0.34 of the total length, composed of 4-11 spiral turns with a few elliptical fenestrae; bowl generally ovate, 1.5-1.7 oral diameters in greatest diameter; aboral region convex conical; aboral end usually round or rarely bluntly pointed; wall of the bowl thick, coarsely agglomerated. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from C. americana Kofoid & Campbell in its shorter lorica and ovate bowl instead of an ellipsoid one and from C. schabi (Brandt) in its low bowl. Cleve's original figure of this species is very simple and his description is also short. It seems impossible, in fact, to find specimens having a collar like his figure. Kofoid & Campbell (1929) and Hada (1923), therefore, considered that this species was almost negligible on account of a doubtful existence of specimens answering to Cleve's figure, but in this investigation Hada includes various forms under this specific name according to Brandt (1907) and Jorgensen (1924). They possess a cylindrical collar and a coarsely agglomerated ovate bowl and are similar to Cleve's figure in outline. This species is variable in size. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 65-95; oral diameter 29-32; length of the collar 14-32; greatest diameter of the bowl 43-65 um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis nipponica Hada, 1964 (ref. ID; 3495 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica made of a wide collar and an ovate bowl; collar more or less inflated in an aboral half, provided with 5-6 spiral turns with out fenestration; bowl widest at a position a little above the middle, ending to a slight distal elevation rounded widely; surface roughened with coarse agglomerated particles. (ref. ID; 3495)

Comments

The new one differs from the allied form, C. morchella (Cleve) in having a stouter lorica and a wide collar without any fenestella and from C. limosa Hada occurring together with it in Hiroshima Bay in carrying a higher collar and in larger size of a lorica. (ref. ID; 3495)

Type locality

The large new species has been collected from the seas off Tamashima City, Okayama Ken and near Itsuku-Shima, Hiroshima Ken. The former is the type locality of the new species. (ref. ID; 3495)

Measurements

Total length 125-150 um; length of a collar 37-50 um; length of a bowl 88-100 um; diameter of a bowl 85-87 um; oral diameter 57-62 um. (ref. ID; 3495)

Codonellopsis orientalis Hada, 1932 (ref. ID; 3606 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica consisting of a subcylindrical collar and an ovate bowl, 2.5-2.7 oral diameters in length; oral rim flaring; collar 0.30-0.42 of the total length in length, constricted slightly in the suboral part and bulging out in the middle, with 8-11 spiral turns increasing in width towards the bowl, a few fenestrae appearing in the dilated region; bowl widest a little above the middle, contracting aborally, aboral region broadly convex conical (85-105 degrees); aboral end blunt; wall coarsely agglomerated. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

Differs from Codonellopsis americana Kofoid & Campbell, C. erythraensis (Brandt), and C. indica Kofoid & Campbell in the conical aboral region and from C. morchella (Cleve) in an everted oral margin and in the shape of the collar. (ref. ID; 3606)

Measurements

Length 90 (84-92); oral diameter 34 (32-34); greatest transdiameter 50 um. (ref. ID; 3606)

Codonellopsis ostenfeldi (Schmidt, 1901) (ref. ID; 4600) or (Schmidt) Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)

Descriptions

Lorica flask-shaped, 2.7-3.0 oral diameters in length; oral margin entire, slightly flaring; collar subcylindrical, 0.40-0.43 of the total length in height, with 2-4 spiral turns in its anterior 0.15 and 5-6 annular rows of elliptical fenestrae lying transversely on the lower part; bowl globose, its greatest transdiameter 1.6 oral diameters; aboral end broadly rounded; wall agglomerated with coarse foreign particles. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from the other species of Codonellopsis in having spiral rows of numerous fenestrae on the collar. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 95-112; oral diameter 35-38; length of the collar 38-50; greatest transdiameter of the bowl 55-62 um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis parva Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)

Descriptions

Lorica consisting of a subcylindrical collar and a stout bowl with an aboral horn, 3.1-3.4 oral diameters in length; oral rim abruptly flaring; collar nearly in cylindrical, 0.33-0.38 of the total length in height, having 13-16 spiral turns; bowl with a short cylindrical anterior part which is 0.055-0.068 of the total length, globular in the posterior margin region, its greatest transdiameter 1.34 oral diameters; aboral horn 0.20-0.25 of the total length, tapering to a blunt tip; wall of the bowl composed of a reticulate structure; surface rather smooth, almost without agglomerated materials. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from C. purva Brandt in being longer and having a distinct cylindrical region at the upper part of the bowl. This species is probably eupelagic, so the reticulate structure of the bowl is free from foreign particles. C. speciosa is similar to this species in general contour except the possession of the comparatively elongate collar. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 158-180; oral diameter 50-52; length of the collar 52-60; greatest transdiameter of the bowl 68-70; length of the aboral horn 30-38 um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis pusilla (Cleve, 1900) Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 (ref. ID; 3606)

Synonym

Codonella pusilla Cleve, 1900 (ref. ID; 3606)

Descriptions

Lorica stout fusiform, 2.6 oral diameters in length; collar subcylindrical in the anterior 0.6 of its length and posteriorly conical (55 degrees), then gradually changing into an ovoidal bowl, with about 13 spiral turns extending towards the bowl; bowl ovate, 1.8 of the oral diameter in transdiameter; aboral region an inverted cone of 125 degrees, with a blunt aboral end; wall nearly uniform in thickness throughout the lorica, composed of an alveolar structure and very few agglomerated particles. (ref. ID; 3606)

Comments

Differs from Codonellopsis contracta Kofoid & Campbell in lack of fenestration of the basal portion of the collar and in the subacute aboral end. (ref. ID; 3606)

Measurements

Length 56; oral diameter 21; transdiameter 37 um. (ref. ID; 3606)

Codonellopsis robusta Kofoid & Campbell (ref. ID; 3597)

Descriptions

Lorica stout top-shaped, 2.0-2.2 oral diameters in length; oral rim weakly flaring; collar with a slight submedian bulge, 0.32-0.37 of the total length in the height, annulated with 6-7 spiral turns on which a very few fenestrae lie near the middle of the collar; bowl rounded, 1.3 oral diameters in breadth; aboral end typically hemispherical; wall uniform in thickness throughout the bowl, variously sized oblong or irregular areas on the surface. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from C. frigida Hada in the structure of the wall of the bowl. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 62 (60-63); oral diameter 30 (28-30); length of the collar 21 (20-22); greatest transdiameter of the bowl 40 um. (ref. ID; 3597)

Codonellopsis soyai Hada, 1970 (ref. ID; 3544 original paper)

Descriptions

The lorica is flask-shaped and consists of a subcylindrical collar and an ovoid bowl. The low hyaline collar as long as 1/3 of the total length, is more or less flaring at the oral end, while expanded at the distal, and it is composed of 3-5 spiral turns with many small ovate fenestellae. The surface of the bowl is usually smooth, and has some coccoliths as adhering foreign particles. (ref. ID; 3544)

Comments

The lorica of the new species is somewhat similar to C. frigida Hada and C. balechi in general contour, but it different from the first in having a low collar with many fenestellae and coccoliths on a surface of a bowl, and from the second in composition of a lorica consisting of a fenestrate collar and a shorter smooth bowl with coccoliths. (ref. ID; 3544)

Type locality

The new species was found in the material taken from the antarctic sea off Syowa Station on January 2,3 and February 1, 1960. (ref. ID; 3544)

Measurements

Length 50-52; breadth 32-38; oral diameter 20-21 um. (ref. ID; 3544)

Codonellopsis stativa Hada, 1938 (ref. ID; 3597 original paper)

Descriptions

Lorica tall top-shaped, 2.16-3.28 oral diameters in length; collar with a distinct oral eversion, elongated, somewhat longer than the bowl, 0.52-0.58 of the total length in height, slightly inflated below its middle, composed of 15-21 annular, turns widening gradually downwards; bowl comparatively small, ovoid, broadest at its anterior one-third, 1.50-1.57 oral diameters in greatest transdiameter; aboral end usually round or sometimes more or less convex conical; wall of the bowl rather coarse. (ref. ID; 3597)

Comments

The species differs from C. americana Kofoid & Campbell and C. morchella (Cleve) in the relative length of the collar to the bowl and from C. brevicaudata (Brandt) in the absence of the aboral horn. (ref. ID; 3597)

Measurements

Length 102 (95-115); oral diameter 32 (30-35); length of the collar 56 (50-60); greatest transdiameter of the bowl 48 (45-51) um. (ref. ID; 3597)